{"id":363444,"date":"2022-03-10T10:10:26","date_gmt":"2022-03-10T09:10:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=363444"},"modified":"2022-10-10T12:39:46","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T10:39:46","slug":"interviews-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/interviews-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Interviews in Research | Guide &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>An interview is a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//qualitative-research///">qualitative research<\/a> method that relies on asking questions in order to <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//data-collection///">collect data<\/a>. Interviews involve two or more people, one of whom is the interviewer asking the questions.<\/p>\n<p>There are several types of interviews, often differentiated by their level of structure. <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//structured-interview///">Structured interviews<\/a> have predetermined questions asked in a predetermined order. <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//unstructured-interview///">Unstructured interviews<\/a> are more free-flowing, and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//semi-structured-interview///">semi-structured interviews<\/a> fall in between.<\/p>\n<p>Interviews are commonly used in market research, social science, and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//ethnography///">ethnographic<\/a> research.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>What is a structured interview?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Structured interviews<\/strong> have predetermined questions in a set order. They are often closed-ended, featuring dichotomous (yes\/no) or multiple-choice questions. While open-ended structured interviews exist, they are much less common. The types of questions asked make structured interviews a predominantly <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//quantitative-research///">quantitative<\/a> tool.<\/p>\n<p>Asking set questions in a set order can help you see patterns among responses, and it allows you to easily compare responses between participants while keeping other factors constant. This can mitigate <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//faq-category//research-bias///">biases<\/a> and lead to higher reliability and validity. However, structured interviews can be overly formal, as well as limited in scope and flexibility.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">Structured interviews may be a good fit for your research if:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>You feel very comfortable with your topic. This will help you formulate your questions most effectively.<\/li>\n<li>You have limited time or resources. Structured interviews are a bit more straightforward to analyze because of their closed-ended nature, and can be a doable undertaking for an individual.<\/li>\n<li>Your research question depends on holding environmental conditions between participants constant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>What is a semi-structured interview?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Semi-structured interviews<\/strong> are a blend of structured and unstructured interviews. While the interviewer has a general plan for what they want to ask, the questions do not have to follow a particular phrasing or order.<\/p>\n<p>Semi-structured interviews are often open-ended, allowing for flexibility, but follow a predetermined thematic framework, giving a sense of order. For this reason, they are often considered &#8220;the best of both worlds.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>However, if the questions differ substantially between participants, it can be challenging to look for patterns, lessening the <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//generalizability///">generalizability<\/a> and validity of your results.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">Semi-structured interviews may be a good fit for your research if:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>You have prior interview experience. It&#8217;s easier than you think to accidentally ask a leading question when coming up with questions on the fly. Overall, spontaneous questions are much more difficult than they may seem.<\/li>\n<li>Your research question is exploratory in nature. The answers you receive can help guide your future research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>What is an unstructured interview?<\/h2>\n<p>An <strong>unstructured interview<\/strong> is the most flexible type of interview. The questions and the order in which they are asked are not set. Instead, the interview can proceed more spontaneously, based on the participant\u2019s previous answers.<\/p>\n<p>Unstructured interviews are by definition open-ended. This flexibility can help you gather detailed information on your topic, while still allowing you to observe patterns between participants.<\/p>\n<p>However, so much flexibility means that they can be very challenging to conduct properly. You must be very careful not to ask leading questions, as biased responses can lead to lower reliability or even invalidate your research.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">Unstructured interviews may be a good fit for your research if:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>You have a solid background in your research topic and have conducted interviews before.<\/li>\n<li>Your research question is exploratory in nature, and you are seeking descriptive data that will deepen and contextualize your initial hypotheses.<\/li>\n<li>Your research necessitates forming a deeper connection with your participants, encouraging them to feel comfortable revealing their true opinions and emotions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>What is a focus group?<\/h2>\n<p>A focus group brings together a group of participants to answer questions on a topic of interest in a moderated setting. Focus groups are qualitative in nature and often study the group\u2019s dynamic and body language in addition to their answers. Responses can guide future research on consumer products and services, human behavior, or controversial topics.<\/p>\n<p>Focus groups can provide more nuanced and unfiltered feedback than individual interviews and are easier to organize than experiments or large surveys. However, their small size leads to low external validity and the temptation as a researcher to &#8220;cherry-pick&#8221; responses that fit your hypotheses.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">A focus group may be a good fit for your research if:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>Your research focuses on the dynamics of group discussion or real-time responses to your topic.<\/li>\n<li>Your questions are complex and rooted in feelings, opinions, and perceptions that cannot be answered with a \u201cyes\u201d or \u201cno.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Your topic is exploratory in nature, and you are seeking information that will help you uncover new questions or future research ideas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>Examples of interview questions<\/h2>\n<p>Depending on the type of interview you are conducting, your questions will differ in style, phrasing, and intention. Structured interview questions are set and precise, while the other types of interviews allow for more open-endedness and flexibility.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\">\n<li class=\"current\"><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\">Structured<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\">Semi-structured<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\">Unstructured<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\">Focus group<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\" style=\"margin-top: 20px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Do you like dogs? Yes\/No<\/li>\n<li>Do you associate dogs with feeling: happy; somewhat happy; neutral; somewhat unhappy; unhappy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\" style=\"margin-top: 20px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Do you like dogs? Yes\/No<\/li>\n<li>If yes, name one attribute of dogs that you like.<\/li>\n<li>If no, name one attribute of dogs that you don&#8217;t like.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\" style=\"margin-top: 20px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What feelings do dogs bring out in you?<\/li>\n<li>When you think more deeply about this, what experiences would you say your feelings are rooted in?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\" style=\"margin-top: 20px;\">Think back to your childhood, and tell me about a dog that is very vivid in your memories, positive or negative. It doesn&#8217;t have to be your dog, but the first one that comes to mind.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Advantages and disadvantages of interviews<\/h2>\n<p>Interviews are a great research tool. They allow you to <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//data-collection///">gather rich information<\/a> and draw more detailed conclusions than other research methods, taking into consideration nonverbal cues, off-the-cuff reactions, and emotional responses.<\/p>\n<p>However, they can also be time-consuming and deceptively challenging to conduct properly. Smaller sample sizes can cause their <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//types-of-validity///">validity<\/a> and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//types-of-reliability///">reliability<\/a> to suffer, and there is an inherent risk of interviewer effect arising from accidentally leading questions.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some advantages and disadvantages of each type of interview that can help you decide if you&#8217;d like to utilize this research method.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table vertical-borders\">\n<caption>Advantages and disadvantages of interviews<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Type of interview<\/th>\n<th>Advantages<\/th>\n<th>Disadvantages<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Structured interview<\/th>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Can be used for quantitative research<\/li>\n<li>Data can be compared<\/li>\n<li>High reliability and validity<\/li>\n<li>Time-effective for the interviewer and the respondent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Researcher can\u2019t ask additional questions for more clarification or nuance<\/li>\n<li>Limited scope: you might miss out on interesting data<\/li>\n<li>Due to the restricted answer options, people might have to choose the \u201cbest fit\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Semi-structured interview<\/th>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Can be used in quantitative research<\/li>\n<li>Relatively high validity<\/li>\n<li>You can ask additional questions if needed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower validity than the structured interview<\/li>\n<li>You need to have good conversational skills to get the most out of the interview<\/li>\n<li>Preparation is time-consuming<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Unstructured interview<\/th>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>You can ask additional questions if needed<\/li>\n<li>Respondents might feel more at ease<\/li>\n<li>You can collect rich, qualitative data<\/li>\n<li>Can be used if little is known about the topic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Low reliability and validity<\/li>\n<li>You need to have excellent conversational skills to keep the interview going<\/li>\n<li>Easy to get sidetracked<\/li>\n<li>Hard to compare data<\/li>\n<li>Preparation is very time-consuming<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Focus group<\/th>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Efficient method, since you interview multiple people at once<\/li>\n<li>Respondents are often more at ease<\/li>\n<li>Relatively cost-efficient<\/li>\n<li>Easier to discuss difficult topics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>You can ask a limited number of questions due to time constraints<\/li>\n<li>You need good conversational and leadership skills<\/li>\n<li>There is a higher risk of <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//social-desirability-bias///">social desirability bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li>You can\u2019t guarantee confidentiality, since there are multiple people present<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about types of interviews<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-are-the-4-main-types-of-interviews\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-are-the-4-main-types-of-interviews///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What are the 4 main types of interviews?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-are-the-4-main-types-of-interviews-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>The four most common <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//interviews-research///">types of interviews<\/a> are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//structured-interview///">Structured interviews<\/a>:<\/strong> The questions are predetermined in both topic and order.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//semi-structured-interview///">Semi-structured interviews<\/a>:<\/strong> A few questions are predetermined, but other questions aren\u2019t planned.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//unstructured-interview///">Unstructured interviews<\/a>:<\/strong> None of the questions are predetermined.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//focus-group///"><strong>Focus group interviews<\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong> The questions are presented to a group instead of one individual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"interviewer-effect\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//interviewer-effect///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is an interviewer effect?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"interviewer-effect-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>The interviewer effect is a type of bias that emerges when a characteristic of an interviewer (race, age, gender identity, etc.) influences the responses given by the interviewee.<\/p>\n<p>There is a risk of an interviewer effect in all <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//interviews-research///">types of interviews<\/a>, but it can be mitigated by writing really high-quality interview questions.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-social-desirability-bias\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-social-desirability-bias///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is social desirability bias?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-social-desirability-bias-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Social desirability bias is the tendency for interview participants to give responses that will be viewed favorably by the interviewer or other participants. It occurs in all <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//interviews-research///">types of interviews<\/a> and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//survey-research///">surveys<\/a>, but is most common in <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//semi-structured-interview///">semi-structured interviews<\/a>, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//unstructured-interview///">unstructured interviews<\/a>, and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//focus-group///">focus groups<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Social desirability bias can be mitigated by ensuring participants feel at ease and comfortable sharing their views. Make sure to pay attention to your own body language and any physical or verbal cues, such as nodding or widening your eyes.<\/p>\n<p>This type of bias can also occur in observations if the participants know they&#8217;re being observed. They might alter their behavior accordingly.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-a-focus-group\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-a-focus-group///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is a focus group?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-a-focus-group-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>A<a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//focus-group///"><strong> focus group <\/strong><\/a>is a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//methodology///">research method<\/a> that brings together a small group of people to answer questions in a moderated setting. The group is chosen due to predefined demographic traits, and the questions are designed to shed light on a topic of interest. It is one of 4 <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//interviews-research///">types of interviews<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"quantitative-vs-qualitative-methods\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//quantitative-vs-qualitative-methods///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What&#8217;s the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"quantitative-vs-qualitative-methods-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//quantitative-research///"><strong>Quantitative research<\/strong><\/a> deals with numbers and statistics, while <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//qualitative-research///"><strong>qualitative research<\/strong><\/a> deals with words and meanings.<\/p>\n<p>Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//types-of-variables///">variables<\/a> and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//hypothesis-testing///">test hypotheses<\/a>. Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An interview is a qualitative research method that relies on asking questions in order to collect data. Interviews involve two or more people, one of whom is the interviewer asking the questions. There are several types of interviews, often differentiated by their level of structure. Structured interviews have predetermined questions asked in a predetermined order. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":133,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[23650],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Types of Interviews in Research | Guide &amp; Examples<\/title>\n<!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack -->
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